第42章 分 参考书目说明(1)
正如我所认识的世界历史，公元前500年到公元1500年的整个时段属于一种膨胀的“中世纪”，夹在文明形成的基本阶段与1500年后西方开始占据支配地位之间。这种分类与传统的世界历史分期背道而驰，传统分期把这里放在一个阶段的历史以大约公元400年为界，分别划分到古典和中世纪两个阶段。然而，传统的年代顺序遇到世界其他地区的历史时，就显得非常尴尬，因此，最好的方法似乎是只能按地区列举名称，而不要按照任何年代顺序。
欧洲。大多数古典作品已经被翻译成英语并且在Leob古典图书馆里出版了，与原著的希腊语和拉丁语逐页对照。此外，更重要的作家还在其他地方被翻译，而且常常由于我缺乏足够的知识而推荐任何作家的特定版本，如埃斯库罗斯、索福克里斯、阿里斯托芬、希罗多德、修昔底德、普鲁塔克、李维、塔西佗、柏拉图、亚里斯多德、西塞罗和其他同样持续流行的作家等。但是，任何好奇的学生都将被要求尽快熟悉这些作家，因为他们是西方文明的主要根源之一。
在现代学者中，选择就更显得武断而困难了。两部优秀的标准教材是:JBBury,HistoryofGreecetotheDeathofAlexandertheGreat4thed(London,1975);和MaxCary,HistoryofRomeDowntotheReignofConstantinetheGreat,2nded(London,1954)GiselaMARichter,SculptureandSculptorsoftheGreeks,reved(NewYork,1950)是另一部标准的权威著作；MosesHadas,HistoryofGreekLiterature(NewYork,1950)对他的主题进行了优雅的概述。关于经济史，参见FMHeichelheim,AncientEconomicHistory,3vols(NewYork,1958);MIRostovtseff,TheSocialandEconomicHistoryoftheHellenisticWorld,3vols(Oxford,1941);同一作者的更加充满激情的SocialandEconomicHistoryofRomanEmpire,revisedbyPMFraser2nded,2vols(Oxford,1957);TennyFranketal,edsAnEconomicSurveyofAncientRome,5vols(Baltimore,193340);AHMJones,TheGreekCity:FromAlexandertoJustinian(Oxford,1940);KDWhite,RomanFarming(Ithaca,NY,1970);MIFinley,TheAncientEconomy(Berkeley,1973);和ErnstBadian,PubliciansandSinners:PrivateEnterpriseintheServiceoftheRomanRepublic(Ithaca,NY,1972)关于军事和政治事件的特殊方面内容，下列著作是特别有趣的：ARBurn,PersiaandtheGreeks:TheDefenceoftheWest(NewYork,1962);HWParke,GreekMercenrySoldiers(Oxford,1933);AHMJones,AthenianDemocracy(Oxford,1957);SirRonaldSyme,TheRomanRevolution(Oxford,1939);JRhamilton,AlexandertheGreat(London,1973);FEPeters,TheHarvestofHellenism:AHistoryoftheNearEastfromAlexandertheGreattotheTriumphofChristianity(NewYork,1970);ErnstBadian,RomanImperialismintheLateRepublic(Oxford,1968);FergusMillar,TheEmperorintheRomanWorld,31BCAD337(Ithaca,NY,1977);RamseyMacmullen,RomanSocialRelations50BCAD284(NewHaven,1974)还有其它三部著作可以在这里推荐：MarshallClagett,GreekScienceinAntiquity(NewYork,1956);WWTarnandGTGriffith,HellenisticCivilization,3rded(London,1952);和GeorgeDumezil,ArchaicRomanReligion(Chicago,1970)
早期基督教本身就是一个主题。古典学家的两部杰出著作是:CNCochrane,ChristianityandClassicalCulture(NewYork,1944);和ArnaldoMomigliano,ed,TheConflictbetweenPaganismandChristianityintheFourthCentury(Oxford,1963)WilliamAChaney,TheCultofKingshipinAnglo-SaxonEngland:TheTransitionfromPaganismtoChristianity(Berkeley,1970)对一个重要的过渡时期的连续性和断裂性进行了论述。对早期基督教总体论述的优秀著作是：KennethScottLatourette,AHistoryoftheExpansionofChristianitiyI:TheFirstFiveCenturies(NewYork,1937);RobertMGrant,HistoricalIntroductiontotheNewTestament(NewYork,1963);和RudolfKarlBultmann,PrimitiveChristianityinItsComtemporarySetting(London,1956)更有趣的特别主题如下：ADNock,Conversion,TheOldandtheNewinReligionfromAlexandertheGreattoAugustineofHippo(London,1933);JMAllegro,TheDeadSeaScrollsandtheOriginsofChristianity(NewYork,1957);JeanDoresse,SecretBooksoftheEgyptianGnostics(NewYork,1960);和PeterBrown,AugustineofHippo(Berkeley,1967)SaloWBaron,ASocialandReligiousHistoryoftheJews,2nded,8vols(NewYork,195258),是研究早期基督教非常有用的配套著作。
中世纪史学家一直将基督教划分为拉丁基督教和希腊基督教，斯拉夫欧洲常常成为第三个组成部分。同样，与伊斯兰教的关系被忽略或者与总体描述分离开来加以对待。结果是强调了，也许多于实际理由，中世纪欧洲更别说整个欧亚大陆二者之间关系的区分。HughTrevor-Roper,TheRiseofChristianEurope(London,1965);GustaveEvonGrunebaum,MedievalIslam:AStudyinCulturalOrientation,2nded(Chicago,1955);和RobertSLopez,TheBirthofEurope(NewYork,1967);超越了这种狭隘视野；如LynnWhiteJr,MedievalTechnologyandSocialChange(Oxford,1962)
进来关于中世纪经济史的著作随着亨利皮朗在MohammedandCharlgemagne(NewYork,1955)提出、在他的EconomicandSocialHistoryofMedievalEurope(NewYork,197)一书中确立的“皮朗假设”而定。TheCambridgeEconomicHistoryofEurope,3vols(Cambridge,194163)反映了专家的一致意见；CSandCSLOrwin,TheOpenFields,2nded(Oxford,1954)把农业的实际经验用于阐述争议众多的庄园土地类型。近来由杰出学者撰写的综合性著作包括：MMPostan,TheMedievalEconomyandSociety:AnEconomicHistoryofBritain,11001500(Berkeley,1972),和RobertSLopez,TheCommercialRevolutionoftheMiddleAges(EnglewoodCliffs,NJ,1971)
在政治事件方面，勉强接受一份比大多数著作更有趣的书目似乎是最好的办法；MarcBloch,FeudalSociety(Chicago,1961);CarlStephenson,MedievalFeudalism(Ithaca,NY,1942);SirStevenRunciman,AHistoryoftheCrusades,3vols(Cambridge,195154);CharlesHomerHaskins,TheNormansinEuropeanHistory(Boston,1915);GeoffreyBarraclough,TheOriginsofModernGermany,2nded(Oxford,1947);和PHSawyer,TheAgeofVikings(NewYork,1962)
关于文化史，同样武断原则建议如下书目：RWSouthern,TheMakingoftheMiddleAges(NewHaven,1953);ChristopherDawson,TheMakingofEurope(London,1932);JohnHuizinga,TheWaningoftheMiddleAges(London,1924);LJDaley,TheMedievalUniversity(NewYork,1961);CahrlesHomerHaskins,TheRenaissanceoftheTwelfthCentury(Cambridge,Mass,1927);CHMcIlwain,TheGrowthofPoliticalThoughtintheWest(NewYork,1932);DavidKnowles,TheEvolutionofMedievalThought(London,1962);ErnstKitzinger,EarlyMedievalArtintheBritishMuseum,2nded(London,1955);ErwinPanofsky,GothicArchitectureandScholasticism(Latrobe,Pa,1951);PaulOskarKristeller,RenaissanceThought:TheClassic,ScholasticandHumanistStrains,reved,2vols(NewYork,1961);和ErnstCassireretaleds,TheRenaissancePhilosophyofMan(Chicago,1948)DavidTalbotRice,ed,TheDawnofEuropeanCivilization(London,1965)是一部插图精美的介绍欧洲和近东艺术第一个千年纪的著作。两部总论性的著作追溯了欧洲的重要主题：ClarenceGlacken,TracesontheRhodianShore(Berkeley,1967),讨论了欧洲关于自然的观念，和HerschelBaker,TheDignityofMan(Cambridge,Mass,1947,新名称,TheImageofMan,NewYork,1961)gofEurope(London,1932);JohnHuizinga,TheWaningoftheMiddleAges(London,1924);LJDaley,TheMedievalUniversity(NewYork,1961);CahrlesHomerHaskins,TheRenaissanceoftheTwelfthCentury(Cambridge,Mass,1927);CHMcIlwain,TheGrowthofPoliticalThoughtintheWest(NewYork,1932);DavidKnowles,TheEvolutionofMedievalThought(London,1962);ErnstKitzinger,EarlyMedievalArtintheBritishMuseum,2nded(London,1955);ErwinPanofsky,GothicArchitectureandScholasticism(Latrobe,Pa,1951);PaulOskarKristeller,RenaissanceThought:TheClassic,ScholasticandHumanistStrains,reved,2vols(NewYork,1961);和ErnstCassireretaleds,TheRenaissancePhilosophyofMan(Chicago,1948)DavidTalbotRice,ed,TheDawnofEuropeanCivilization(London,1965)是一部插图精美的介绍欧洲和近东艺术第一个千年纪的著作。两部总论性的著作追溯了欧洲的重要主题：ClarenceGlacken,TracesontheRhodianShore(Berkeley,1967),讨论了欧洲关于自然的观念，和HerschelBaker,TheDignityofMan(Cambridge,Mass,1947,新名称,TheImageofMan,NewYork,1961)